Structural design is the backbone of every building project: it translates an architectural idea into a safe, calculated, and buildable structure. This guide explains, in clear terms, what structural design is, when it’s required, how the process works, and which factors affect time and cost, so owners and professionals know exactly what to expect and how to prepare.
What structural study is and why it matters
Structural design demonstrates that a building’s load-bearing system can safely carry all expected actions (dead, imposed, wind, seismic) throughout its service life. It is not “just a set of drawings” but a complete package of calculations, decisions, and technical trade-offs that balance safety, functionality, aesthetics, and economy.
In practice it includes: detailed calculations, member sizing (slabs, beams, columns, foundations), reinforcement/connection drawings, a technical report with assumptions, and coordination with architectural and MEP disciplines. The quality of the design largely determines whether construction will run smoothly—or be filled with surprises on site.
When structural study is required
Structural design is necessary in most cases involving a building permit or a material change to the load-bearing system. It’s not only for new builds; it is often requested in interventions on existing structures. Typical scenarios include:
- New buildings: single houses, apartment buildings, commercial/office facilities.
- Additions: vertical or horizontal extensions that alter loads and seismic behaviour.
- Change of use: e.g., from residential to retail/office with different imposed loads.
- Alterations affecting the structure: removals/openings in load-bearing elements.
- Post-damage works: after earthquake, fire, or reinforcement corrosion issues.
If you’re unsure whether your case falls into the above, the safest path is a preliminary assessment by a structural engineer before design or works begin.
The codes and standards we design to
The structural design is carried out in accordance with the applicable standards and their national annexes (e.g., Eurocodes) and, for existing structures or interventions, the Greek Code for Interventions (KAN.EPE). Checks cover both ultimate limit states (ULS) and serviceability limit states (SLS)—displacements, cracking and vibrations—under the appropriate action combinations.
What matters for the owner is not the code numbers themselves but the fact that the engineering team explicitly documents all key assumptions: ground category, seismic hazard, importance/use class, structural system/ductility, and any special requirements. This ensures a solution that is compliant, auditable by authorities and safe on site.
From concept to drawings: the structural design process
A rigorous structural design starts with evidence-based inputs. We assemble the architectural drawings and the topographic survey, review any geotechnical report and record the functional requirements (e.g., parking, desired openings, storey heights). For existing buildings, we place particular emphasis on an accurate survey—ideally via 3D scanning—together with any previous studies or photographic records. The clearer the starting picture, the fewer assumptions are needed later.
On this basis, we develop a concise preliminary scheme: we evaluate alternative structural systems (reinforced concrete, steel or composite), balancing architectural constraints, schedule, cost and constructability. This is where critical decisions are made, reducing the risk of later rework.
We then proceed to analytical modelling. Geometry, supports, materials and loads (imposed, wind and seismic) are defined and the required checks are run. The model highlights sensitive areas early—short columns, large spans, eccentricities—so they can be addressed before they become site issues.
Next comes solution optimisation. Engineering is not only about “making the numbers work”; we fine-tune member sizes and details to balance safety, cost and buildability. We avoid excessive reinforcement, plan realistic formwork and provide clear MEP routing to keep construction flowing smoothly.
All of this is captured in the deliverables: reinforcement and connection drawings with clear notes, a technical report with assumptions and checks, and reinforcement schedules for quantity take-offs. This is the project’s manual, so it is prepared to be consistent, readable and practical for engineers and site crews.
In parallel, we ensure multi-disciplinary coordination. Structural, architectural and MEP designs are aligned before details are finalised, preventing clashes (e.g., a beam cutting through a duct or a duct clashing with a shear wall).
Finally, we compile the permit dossier and provide construction-phase support. Throughout the works we remain available for clarifications, sensible adjustments to real-world conditions and, where needed, guidance on site—so that what is designed is exactly what gets built.
What owners need to provide
The “secret” to a fast-tracked design is a complete input pack from the outset. Ask your team for a clear list and try to supply it before kick-off. Typically required:
- Architectural drawings in editable format (DWG) and PDF.
- Topographic/site plan and any geotechnical report (especially for new builds).
- Use/operational requirements (parking, spans/openings, special room loads).
- For existing buildings: reliable as-built documentation (3D laser scanning where feasible), legacy structural files, and photographic records of any defects.
Better inputs = fewer assumptions = faster and more accurate design.
Choosing the structural system: how decisions are made
There is no one “right” solution for all projects. Choice depends on geometry, spans, programme, acoustic/energy requirements, and availability of crews/materials.
- Reinforced concrete: robust, widely understood by local crews, favourable in fire; heavier and needs curing time.
- Steel: speed, long spans, lower self-weight; demands precise detailing/connections and experienced supervision.
- Composite: combines benefits, useful where speed and stiffness are both required.
A well-informed concept stage discussion can save weeks on site.
What drives time and cost
Time/cost are not defined by square metres alone. Key drivers include:
- Architectural and structural complexity (long spans, irregular plans, shear walls).
- Seismicity/soil and any need for special foundations.
- Quality of inputs (good as-builts mean fewer redesign cycles).
- Team coordination (delayed decisions push deadlines).
Our goal is a predictable programme and transparent assumptions, so budgets don’t inflate mid-project.
Costly pitfalls (and how we prevent them)
Most issues are organisational, not purely technical.
- Poor as-builts in existing buildings → model inaccuracies and extra site visits. We insist on accurate surveying (preferably 3D).
- Late involvement of structural → higher risk of clashes/delays. We recommend early coordination.
- Underestimating change of use: new loads can materially change the design. We assess future use from day one.
- Over-idealised details: reinforcement or connections that don’t “build” on site. We prioritise constructability.
A small, practical example
In an apartment renovation, removing a wall to create an open plan may look “simple.” But if that wall works together with a beam or slab, taking it out without a structural solution is unsafe. An early engineering assessment will show whether a new steel beam or another form of strengthening is required and which permit is needed. This approach prevents safety risks, fines and unnecessary costs.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
How long does structural study take?
It depends on project size/complexity and input completeness. For a typical dwelling, design can be completed within a few weeks from receiving a complete package.
Is a geotechnical report always required?
For new builds it’s strongly recommended: it drives foundation type, settlements, and cost. For existing assets, we assess history and conditions to make safe assumptions.
Can we change architectural drawings after design starts?
Yes, but every change affects the structural solution and may extend time/cost. Ideally, “lock” key decisions before finalising.
What do the deliverables include?
Reinforcement/connection drawings, a technical report with assumptions/calculations, and bar schedules for take-offs—i.e., the documents the contractor will actually build from.
